National Science Foundation
This independent federal agency is responsible for funding research in mathematics, computer science and social sciences, everything except for medical sciences. The NSF was created in 1950 (not coincidentally during the Cold War) "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense." The organization keeps track of research around the U.S and world, identifying areas that could lead to great progress and choosing promising researchers to lead the projects.
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